JFK standing on stage in front of podium - Photo by History in HD on Unsplash

The event shocked the world. But it also sparked the minds of filmmakers, authors, artists and conspiracy theorists.

Oliver Gruner

4 min read

November 22 2023 marks 60 years since US president  was shot and killed as he rode in a motorcade through Dealey Plaza in downtown Dallas, Texas. The event shocked the world. But it also sparked the minds of filmmakers, authors, artists and conspiracy theorists. To commemorate the anniversary of one of the most famous assassinations in history, we asked seven experts to recommend a film, artwork, book, resource or place that can help to understand the event 鈥 and its myriad consequences.

1. JFK (1991) 

Historians of the assassination of John Kennedy divide into two camps. There are those who accept the official version provided by  鈥 that a lone gunman, Lee Harvey Oswald, was responsible for the murder and was himself assassinated by Dallas nightclub owner  before he could face trial. And there are those who subscribe to one of the various conspiracy theories.

The most famous of those conspiracy theories emerged at the end of 1991 when the film  by maverick director  was released. That it became so widely discussed was due to the power of film, Stone鈥檚 bravura reputation (having won Oscars for his recent films on the Vietnam War) and the reception of JFK 鈥 which received eight Oscar nominations.

JFK told the true story of New Orleans district attorney  (Kevin Costner) who brought a case against businessman Clay Shaw for conspiracy in Kennedy鈥檚 murder. But Stone also used the film to develop the idea that the assassination represented a coup. In the film, generals and the CIA plot Kennedy鈥檚 murder as they were enraged with Kennedy鈥檚 Cold War policies, particularly with what Stone portrayed as his plan to withdraw from the Vietnam War. 

Most significantly, the debate over the movie influenced politicians on Capitol Hill to pass the , expediting the release of many hitherto classified documents on the assassination.

_by Mark White, professor of 20th century US history, Queen Mary University of London

2. 

Three decades after the Kennedy assassination, the US Congress passed a law mandating the release of all assassination-related material. The collection comprises over 5 million pages of state files, photos, recordings and artefacts.

The catalyst had less to do with transparency than countering the impact of Oliver Stone鈥檚 conspiratorial 1991 movie, . Public scepticism about what actually happened in Dallas was high, despite the official inquiry by the  publishing its 888-page report and 26 volumes of evidence in 1964. To curb conspiracy theories, the JFK Records Act made it law for the US government to disclose all its records (apart from items vital to national security).

Anyone with an internet connection can , with . Less than a month ago, a handful of the final files were . It is the most systematic revelation of state records in modern history. Yet the notion that more government information enables better public understanding confronts the fact that  continue to believe Lee Harvey Oswald did not act alone.

by Kaeten Mistry, associate professor of American history, University of East Anglia

3. Flash-November 22, 1963 by Andy Warhol (1968) 

Flash-November 22, 1963 is a portfolio of works by the pop artist Andy Warhol. It will be displayed at the  in Savannah, Georgia to mark the 60th anniversary of the Kennedy assassination.

Warhol created the pieces as part of his persistent interrogation of the cultural role of image and media.  JFK was 鈥渉andsome, young, smart, but it didn鈥檛 bother me that much that he was dead. What bothered me was the way television and radio were programming everybody to feel so sad. It seemed like no matter how hard you tried, you couldn鈥檛 get away from the thing.鈥

It鈥檚 worth wondering if the programming has continued, or even intensified, today.

by Peter J. Ling, emeritus professor of American studies, University of Nottingham

4. Love Field (1992) 

Love Field forgoes the conspiracy theories, governmental intrigue and macho histrionics of films like JFK (1991) and  (1992). Set in the days surrounding the assassination, it instead focuses on the intertwining lives of a white woman, Lurene Hallett (Michelle Pfeiffer) and black man, Paul Cater (Dennis Haysbert), against the backdrop of the era鈥檚 upheavals.
Love Field portrays the day of the assassination as both a national trauma and instigator of its central protagonist鈥檚 quest for self-discovery. Lurene, a Jackie Kennedy-obsessed hairdresser from Dallas, boards a bus to attend JFK鈥檚 funeral, but her 鈥渏ourney鈥 soon encompasses her escaping an oppressive marriage and rethinking her entire life plans. A chance meeting and subsequent relationship with Paul who, along with his daughter, is on the run from the authorities, introduces Lurene to the racism from which she has long been sheltered.

In its portrayal of an unequal society divided by class, race and gender, Love Field goes some way to unravelling the glossy, nostalgic image of JFK鈥檚 administration, often promoted by politicians of the 1990s. Though its social analysis does at times slip into cliche, strong performances from Pfeiffer and Haysbert nonetheless make Love Field an emotionally charged, thought-provoking exploration of personal lives and politics circa 1963.

by Oliver Gruner, senior lecturer in visual culture, 1024核工厂

5. The Runnymede Memorial, Windsor, England 

Britain鈥檚 memorial to Kennedy, designed as a site of reflection by architect , stands on the banks of the Thames at Runnymede. It consists of a stepped, woodland path leading up to a large slab of Portland stone on which are inscribed words from Kennedy鈥檚 inaugural address.

Speaking at the  in 1965, Queen Elizabeth II described JFK as a man 鈥渨ho in death my people still mourn and whom in life they loved and admired鈥. In fact, Britain launched an appeal to raise 拢1 million to build the monument as a symbol of the 鈥渟pecial relationship鈥 with the US. But popular ambivalence about the American superpower and the wealthy Kennedy clan induced Harold Wilson鈥檚 Labour government to contribute half this amount to avoid embarrassment.

The memorial can therefore be interpreted as evidence of the public鈥檚 divided views on the American superpower, rather than of its vaunted affection for JFK.

by Robert Cook, emeritus professor of American history, University of Sussex

6. 11/22/63 by Stephen King (2011)

What if John F. Kennedy hadn鈥檛 died on November 22 1963? Would the US, the world, be different, better? That鈥檚 the question that drives Stephen King鈥檚 novel, 11/22/63. His protagonist, Maine high school teacher Jake Epping, has the chance to return to mid-20th century America to prevent Kennedy鈥檚 assassination. 

Jake鈥檚 quest represents the ultimate liberal fantasy: that had JFK survived, the US might never have experienced the horrors of the Vietnam war, the damage of Nixon and Watergate and the myriad problems which stemmed from them.

King is too smart a writer to allow this to be the only theme of the book. He explores the light and darkness of the US of the late 1950s and early 1960s, reminding us that America was only great in that period for some of its citizens. As Jake tries to work out how to save Kennedy, the reader is also introduced to various elements of the conspiracy theories that have swirled around JFK鈥檚 death.

Does Jake succeed? No spoilers here, although long-time King readers will know that 鈥渂e careful what you wish for鈥 has been a regular theme of the author鈥檚 work. At the very least, King punctures the liberal fantasy about JFK鈥檚 death and reminds us that events are the result of more than the actions of a single person.

by Emma Long, associate professor of American history and politics, University of East Anglia

7. November 22, 1963 (2013) and The Umbrella Man (2011) 

Errol Morris鈥 two short films, November 22, 1963 and The Umbrella Man, are a great introduction to some of the key issues surrounding the Kennedy assassination. Morris speaks with Josiah Thompson, a philosopher turned private investigator, about the problems facing anyone trying to research the assassination.

For example, what if an event is too bizarre to fit into a coherent narrative? Despite his years investigating the assassination and looking through the many films and photographs taken that day, Thompson says it is difficult to find any meaning behind the event. As he puts it: 鈥渨e couldn鈥檛 put a 鈥榳hy?鈥 answer on it 鈥 it seemed to be beyond that.鈥

Thompson also describes the role of mass media in the aftermath, with amateurs photographing and filming the shooting, professional journalists sharing those images around the world and ordinary citizens interpreting the meaning of the photographs for themselves. This seems to anticipate some of the challenges we face today, with political polarisation, social media, and talk of 鈥渁lternative facts鈥 making it difficult for us all to agree on who can be trusted to tell truth from falsehood.

by Adam Koper, post-doctoral research fellow, Cardiff University 

 

Dr Oliver Gruner is a Lecturer in Visual Culture at the School of Art, Design, and Performance in the Faculty of Creative and Cultural Industries.

This article is republished from  under a Creative Commons licence. .

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